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This Town was Built by Farmers Who Learned to Fish and Survive Disasters & Disease




Link to source of this map.

Every August, Isla Mujeres celebrates the founding of the town & the original Decree is read. In this article, our town historian Fidel Villanueva Madrid, explains some of the circumstances surrounding this document:
      "The town was founded in 1850 under special conditions because of the critical situation that existed in the state of Yucatan as a result of the Caste War. The villagers, who were escaping from the horrors of the war, were mostly farmers who came from different parts of the peninsula, and not fishermen as some writers have mistakenly reported. The Decree itself is clear about this because it orders the settlers to till the land of the island for six years, and it does not refer to fishing at all. As for the indicated time of six years, at the end of that period, they would be entitled to the land which they had worked without interruption.
     I must add that the capture or exploitation of marine species was concessioned to influential people who had nothing to do with this island.
      It is important to note that the Yucatecan government was particularly interested in the consolidation of human settlements on the islands, because the British in Belize, allied with the Mayan rebels, had taken advantage of the chaos to settle along the eastern seaboard. In 1850, it was reported that at Boca Iglesia alone, there were more than 700 Britons, and that Isla Mujeres was surpassing Campeche as a shipping port for Palo de Tinte. (Note: This was a valuable wood, used for dye, whose harvesting and marketing often involved the British & nearby Belize, with a fair amount of smuggling, tax evasion, and questionable or lacking timber rights.)
     For this reason, the settlers were prohibited from leaving the isle without permission from the authorities. This residency granted the founders freedom from military service. It was also required that a special report be made of any foreigners who visited the island, and if they intended to settle there.
      In the midst of the war, Yucatan was not in a position to help its people; especially those who were so far away from the center of political and economic power, which was in Mérida.
Therefore, the Decree ordered that the settlers of the island would be held responsible for the most basic necessities, such as building the streets, church, town hall, green areas, town square, establishing police, etc., since there was no way to help them.
      One of the few commitments that the government undertook was to establish a school, and in 1862, a humble hut of palm and wood was provided. There were no teachers, and it was up to the islanders to pass along their knowledge to the children. It took twelve years for the Yucatan government to finally fulfill that obligation.
       Once the Decree was officially published, it was a code of obligations to be fulfilled, in spite of the isolation and abandonment, inclement weather, and total lack of services.

THE EARLY YEARS ...
     None of this defeated or discouraged the tenacious and courageous founders. In 1852 they had to face the first major hurricane of more than 20 that we have experienced in these 159 years since the town was founded. (This was written in 2009). That hurricane was the first great test of fire that our ancestors successfully survived. Then, in 1857, once again the water and wind combined to destroy the humble village of Dolores, Isla Mujeres. Later on, these natural phenomena ceased to be so worrying because a culture was created of prevention and correction of the damage that they always caused.
       In those early years, cholera hit Dolores. It was the "Disease of the Century" and its consequences were disastrous in terms of lives lost.
      By 1871 the founders stopped reporting that they were born outside the island. They began to see themselves as its natives and residents. They were no longer farmers, they had adapted to the environment by becoming fishers of turtles, sponges and sharks. They were no longer alone; ships from Cuba were constantly arriving with supplies and news from the outside world. Belizeans and Hondurans were also welcomed when ships of these nationalities made stops at the bay.
     The founders had learned to solve their problems themselves, because together and in pleasant camaraderie they did community work every day. They liked that in other places, people talked about the cleanliness and beauty of Isla Mujeres. Little by little, they managed to make the island known as the richest of those along the coast of the Peninsula. The founders had learned that no one would come to do things for them, so they did for themselves. Personally, I think that's the most beautiful lesson they've ever bequeathed to us."

By Fidel Villanueva Madrid, Isla Mujeres historian, August 2009.Original version in Spanish is below.
Map of Mexico in 1847. Yucatan rejoined Mexico in 1848 and was paid 150,000 pesos of the 3 million pesos given to Mexico by the U.S.  as payment for territory acquired in the Mexican-American War, and the Mexican President sent arms and ammunition to quell the Mayan Rebellion which became the Caste War. Graphic from Wiki.
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 Kitchen in a large studio. (Sur & Norte are identical)
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LA FUNDACIÓN DE DOLORES, ISLA MUJERES

Terminan apenas los festejos por los 159 años que cumple oficialmente esta población. A pesar de la crisis, debemos ser honestos y reconocer el enorme esfuerzo desplegado para que tan importante fecha no pase desapercibida.
Recuerdo que hace 13 años iniciamos esta celebración que ya es tradicional, y que el interés primero fue el de honrar a quienes pusieron los cimientos de lo que es hoy nuestra ciudad.
Hay sin embargo un tema que en personal me llama la atención. Cada año, en Sesión Solemne, se da lectura al Decreto que emitiera el gobierno yucateco para erigir en pueblo el punto habitado en la parte norte de Isla Mujeres.
Se lee el texto íntegro, pero no se explica el porqué de su contenido…como se hizo algunos años atrás. Esto, desde mi personal punto de vista, deja a quienes escuchan con muchas interrogantes. No son pocas las personas, nativas y no nativas, que así me lo han manifestado.
Por ello, trataré a continuación de explicar, aunque sea someramente, el porqué de ese texto, sustentándome en el conocimiento que de los acontecimientos de esa época he podido adquirir.

COMENTARIOS AL DECRETO DE FUNDACIÓN
1.- El poblado se fundó en 1850 bajo condiciones especiales por la crítica situación que vivía el estado de Yucatán a consecuencia de la Guerra de Castas. Los pobladores, que escapando de los horrores de la guerra vinieron de diferentes puntos de la península eran agricultores en su mayoría, y no pescadores como equivocadamente asientan algunos escritores. El propio decreto es claro en esto porque ordena a los pobladores labrar los terrenos de la isla por seis años, y no se refiere en lo absoluto a la pesca. En cuanto al tiempo señalado de seis años, cumplido ese período podrían titular a su favor las tierras que hubieran laborado en forma ininterrumpida.
Debo agregar, que la captura o explotación de especies marinas estaba concesionada a influyentes personas que nada tenían que ver con esta ínsula.
Es importante señalar que hubo particular interés del gobierno yucateco en la consolidación de asentamientos humanos en las islas, pues los ingleses de Belice, aliados de los mayas rebeldes, habían aprovechado el caos para asentarse por todo el litoral oriental. En 1850 se reportó que sólo en Boca Iglesia había más de 700 británicos, y que Isla Mujeres estaba superando a Campeche como puerto de embarque de Palo de Tinte.
Por ese motivo, se prohibió ausentarse del lugar sin permiso de la autoridad. La residencia se estimuló dejando “libres del servicio de armas” a los fundadores del poblado. Se exigió además, que se hiciera un reporte especial de los extranjeros que pasaran por la isla, o que pretendieran avecindarse en ella.
Sumido en la guerra, Yucatán no estaba en condiciones de ayudar a sus poblaciones; menos a las que se encontraban tan alejadas del centro de poder político y económico, o sea, tan distanciadas de Mérida.
Por ello, el decreto dispuso que los colonizadores de la isla se hicieran responsables de la necesidades más elementales (construir calles, iglesia, casa pública, áreas verdes, plaza, habilitar policía, etc.), ya que no tenía manera de ayudarlos.
Uno de los pocos compromisos que el gobierno adquirió fue el de instalar una escuela. Para 1862 se cita como tal una humilde choza de palma y madera de monte con piso de arena. No hay maestros; son los mismos isleños quienes van transmitiendo sus conocimientos a sus hijos. O sea, 12 años más tarde el Gobierno Yucateco no había cumplido esa obligación.
El Decreto fue, desde su publicación, un código de obligaciones qué cumplir. No importaban las inclemencias del tiempo, el aislamiento y el abandono, la carencia total de servicios.
LOS AÑOS PRIMEROS…
Nada de esto doblegó o desanimó a los tenaces y valientes fundadores. En 1852 tuvieron que enfrentar el primer gran huracán de más de 20 que llevamos a cuestas en estos 159 años de vida institucional. Ese huracán fue la primera gran prueba de fuego que superaron con éxito nuestros antepasados. Luego, en 1857, una vez más el agua y el viento se unieron para destruir el humilde caserío de Dolores, Isla Mujeres. Después, estos fenómenos naturales dejaron de preocupar tanto porque se formó una cultura de prevención y corrección de los daños que siempre ocasionan.
En esos primeros años el cólera se abatió sobre Dolores. Era la “Enfermedad del Siglo”, y sus consecuencias fueron desastrosas en pérdidas de vidas humanas.
Para 1871 los fundadores dejaron de reportar que habían nacido fuera de la isla. Empezaron a manifestarse como naturales y vecinos de la misma. Ya no eran labradores, se habían adaptado al medio convirtiéndose en pescadores de tortugas, esponjas y tiburones. Ya no estaban solos; constantemente llegaban barcos de Cuba con bastimentos y noticias del mundo exterior. También de Belice u Honduras se recibían alientos cuando barcos de esas nacionalidades hacían escala en la bahía.
Los fundadores habían aprendido a resolver ellos mismos sus problemas, pues unidos y en alegre camaradería hacían trabajo de comunidad todos los días. Les gustaba que en otros lugares se hablara de la limpia y bella Isla Mujeres. Poco a poco lograron que la isla fuera reconocida como la más rica entre las del litoral de la península. Los fundadores habían aprendido a que nadie vendría a hacer por ellos lo que a ellos les correspondía. En lo personal, creo que esa es la más hermosa lección que nos han legado.
Isla Mujeres, Agosto de 2009.- Fidel Villanueva Madrid, Isla Mujeres historian

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