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The Hurricane of 1922

     When dawn arrived after the hurricane of 1922,  of the ~120 homes, 40 remained standing and only three were considered habitable. During the 14 hours of darkness while the hurricane raged, passengers of the shipwrecked "Nieves" clung to the rocks of islet La Carbonera, including a nursing baby and two other children. The islanders rescued them as soon as the winds abated, sharing food and clothing with them, despite the fact that most of the ~1000 residents of the island were homeless. This article was written by Isla Mujeres historian Fidel Villanueva Madrid and the translation is mine. 

The Hurricane of 1922
      Night arrived at last, black and stormy. The wind became more and more threatening, to such a degree that tearful families, resorting to their last strengths, heard it roaring through the streets as they were trying to stay safe from its influence.
      "Dawn could not have been more disconcerting, because many island families, seeing that all was lost, prepared to leave their ruined town, which, until this tragedy, had been one of our richest coastal areas" --published report from "La Revista de Yucatán"
      There are no longer any islanders among us who can recall the powerful destructive force of the 1922 hurricane as adults, but there are two who were children at the time. At a young age, they had to face a natural disaster of extraordinary magnitude.
      On October 17, 1922, the islanders knew that the strong north winds which had battered the isle for two days were an bad omen of something very serious . "It is common for the nortes (northern fronts) to have strong winds," explained 90 year old Antonio Peña Osorio, "but not for more than two days. They can last up to six days, but with lower intensity." The high tide and waves (La marea alta) and the movement of birds and other animals seeking shelter, also warned of an impending natural phenomenon.
     Accustomed to predicting the weather, the islanders of 1922 began to prepare to receive the possible impact of a hurricane. They reinforced their humble huts of wood and thatch, even though they knew the strong winds would not leave many of them standing. In reality, our grandparents suffered hard times, with the difficulties that malaria, cholera and whooping cough caused them, as well.
     During the afternoon hours the wind became stronger. A little more than 1000 people gathered in the houses that were considered the strongest, including those who arrived from outside looking for refuge, including the Cubans that fished in the area.
When darkness fell, in the dim candlelight, the women prayed as they tried to calm the restless children. Some of the more daring youngsters were determined to see what was happening outside the house.
     "The house of Don Manuel Osorio had already fallen and the home of Don Domingo Martínez was leaning," they said in astonishment. Everywhere the strong winds were mixing branches with household goods, and causing empty drums to roll around, which were used to pack shark oil and turtle oil. It was not easy to see what was happening in the darkness that enveloped the island. The darkness grew denser and denser with the showers of water that were pouring down from the sky.
     The most intense winds came at midnight, and heartbreaking scenes ensued. The people came out of their humble houses which had collapsed, dragging their children and their elders, seeking another refuge, crying out for help for the wounded, but their shouts for help were lost in the deafening roar of the storm.
     The Hurricane of 1922 was in full swing, with its 100mph winds shattering the town of Isla Mujeres. Its slow movement caused it to remain almost static on the isle for more than 14 hours, before hitting the peninsula and Campeche, then dissipating five days later in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental.
    Those were 14 long hours of anguish and despair. Whoever has experienced a hurricane firsthand knows very well that time seems to stop, making the hours eternal and the future unimaginable.
     At dawn on October 18, 1922, in the eyes of the islanders, the magnitude of the disaster was revealed: of the hundred and twenty houses that made up the village, only about 40 remained standing; And after an evaluation, only three were considered habitable.
     During the night, a few yards from the beaches, the hurricane had caused another drama among the occupants of the ships anchored in the port.

The Shipwreck of the military boat (Canoa de Guerra) "Nieves"
     In those long ago days, cargo and passengers were transported by a fleet of national boats associated with the Naval Services of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo. These vessels were powered by motors and sails, traveling from Veracruz to Payo Obispo (which is now Chetumal), making stops at the ports of the Gulf of Mexico and along the east coast of the Yucatan peninsula. The average voyage lasted a month, and this was the only means of communication between the island and those ports.
     The fleet consisted of various vessels, including "Canoas, Cayucos, Bongos and Lanchas", which were insufficient to provide the services demanded by the coastal populations. The passengers traveled among sacks of copra and marquetas of chicle, as well as turtles, sponges, partly tanned hides, and even domestic animals. Two of the boats which served this region were the "Nieves" and the "Cozumel". They were preferred because of their long length and narrow width, which allowed them to achieve great speeds when moving along. Both had tragic ends.
     In regard to the "Nieves" and the Hurricane of 1922, its fate was unknown in Mérida, until the 25th of October, since it was only known that it had left Payo Obispo in bad weather. It was lost for six days after the storm hit. In those days, deficiencies in communication prevented knowledge of events in a timely manner. It was not until Oct. 26th, nine days later, when two of the shipwreck survivors told their stories, that people found out what happened at Isla Mujeres on the night of October 17, when the boat was dragged by the hurricane until it crashed against the reef, leaving its occupants in unimaginable hours of misery and pain.
     In the light of day, the once elegant silhouette of the ship was shattered against one side of the islet "La Carbonera", and from a nearby rock, someone beckoned for help. They had to wait a few hours due to the force of the winds. Although their strength had diminished, the winds were still causing damage, and it was not wise to venture in the agitated sea. However, with the help of valiant islanders, and with the ships of Fabián Magaña and Inocente Pastrana, by four o'clock in the afternoon the victims of the shipwreck were already on the island. From the the Municipal President and the teachers, they received clothing, food, and medicines, since none of them were able to rescue their luggage. They had spent 16 hours of anguish clinging onto the rocks to defend themselves against the crashing waves, trying to stay alive on the steep, sharp shale which comprises the area of el Farito at islet la Carbonera.
     The "Nieves" was lost. There were also remains of the valiant "Patrón de Costa" of Don Cristino Pacheco. Testimony of passengers was recorded in Revista de Yucatan, who said they saw the boat run aground, and they watched as Don Cristino threw himself into the turbulent waters to offer his life to the sea with the cry of "¡Viva México!

The Last Days of the "Nieves"
     On October 25th, a reporter with the Revista de Yucatan in Progreso interviewed Sr. José María Cervera E. and his son, José Cervera Castillo, who were shipwrecked on the "Nieves", and they spoke about that fateful last trip, when he took the boat that capsized in Isla Mujeres. The story of those survivors goes as follows:
     "On the night of October 9th, between 11 and midnight, we left Payo Obispo (Chetumal) for Progreso in the Canoa Nacional “Nieves”, with about 34 passengers aboard, in bad weather. After two days of travel, always in bad weather, we entered the Bay of Ascension, to shelter and stayed for two days. At dawn on the 13th, we made our way to Cozumel, and we had to enter at la Caleta to guard against the bad weather, arriving 12 hours after our departure. At la Caleta, we went down below with the women for this part of the passage, and we went on land at Cozumel, where we stayed from Saturday night until Monday night when we departed again. We took up the anchors at 11pm to depart for Isla Mujeres, arriving in the morning of the next day (Tuesday, Oct. 17, 1922). From there, we could not leave because at that time a storm was raging. Some of the passengers went ashore, and some returned at night, to dine aboard the boat, where they had to stay because the winds were blowing. At one o'clock in the morning, when most of the passengers were asleep, the hurricane hit and dragged the boat until it ran aground on the reef that faces Isla Mujeres. (winds carried the "Nieves" to la Carbonera). The boat was completely damaged and taking on water, therefore the passengers and crew fought against the darkness and waves with great effort and struggled to reach the nearby reef.
     We were about 40 people, including women and three children, one of whom was a nursing infant. We spent 14 to 16 hours on the reef, suffering from cold, hunger, and pain from the bruises and scratches that came from fighting the fierce waves in the terrible darkness. The next day we were assisted by two boats, one from the fleet and a private boat, and taken to Cozumel. The boat "Nieves" was stranded in front of the reef, completely damaged, missing the luggage of many passengers, including ours. Among the passengers of the shipwreck boat was Federal Lieutenant Rueda, who came from Tabasco.
     The shipwrecked passengers departed, some on the boat "Fenix", which arrived the day before yesterday, going to Progreso, while others left on the "Orion" which arrived yesterday. Also shipwrecked in the Bay of Isla Mujeres was the boat "Rosita" which had arrived with a cargo of chicle"- The Correspondent (end of La Revista's report).

      Also shipwrecked at Punta Sur was the American fishing boat "Ida S. Brook". In Cozumel, the boats , El “Alberto”, La “Norma” and la “Candita” suffered the same fate.
This is how the "Nieve" ended its long years traveling our seas. Its gasoline engine (which was very modern at that time) was rescued and installed on the "Cozumel" Canoa de Guerra/ military boat, which a few years later would also 'pay tribute to the sea' when it hit another vessel in front of Xcalak.
     The testimony of the survivors of the "Nieve", illustrates the difficulties faced by those who had to travel in those times. It also confirms that because of the lack of good communications, both to find out about the presence of a hurricane and to ask for and receive help, life was not worth much in the Quintana Roo during the days of our grandparents.
It took eight days for the tragic news to get back to loved ones. Eight days of uncertainty. In recent years, there are only a few remaining older islanders, who when talking about earlier times, told me that they did not expect help in emergencies. By the time authorities of the Territory arrived, there was nothing left to be done. The wounded had healed or died, and the houses of the fishermen were standing again, waiting for another hurricane, perhaps to prove to future generations that they were never broken by adversity, and that they struggled to found a place to live with dignity.
For this reason, I dedicate these lines to the new social group called " “Recuerdos de Isla Mujeres”, composed of people who refuse to lose their cultural identity. Congratulations to its creator, architect Cuauhtemoc Zurita Ávila.
     To conclude, I express gratitude to C. Lic.. Ney Antonia Canto Vega, Director of the Support Center for Historical Research of our sister State of Yucatan in 2005, whose attention was essential for the preparation of this article.
Fidel Villanueva Madrid.
Historian of Isla Mujeres.-
Ixcheel@prodigy.net.mx
September 2011.-
Translated by Ronda Winn Roberts, June 2017, westofcuba@gmail.com
Isla Mujeres Daily News & Events/MaraVilla Caribe B&B

Below is the original article in Spanish...

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Crónicas de Isla Mujeres
EL CICLÓN DE 1922
y el naufragio de la Canoa de Guerra “Nieves”
{{ Fidel Villanueva Madrid. }}
{{ Cronista Vitalicio de Isla Mujeres.- }}

Por fin entró la noche, negra y borrascosa; el viento se hizo cada vez más amenazante a grado tal que, bajo su acción y recurriendo a los últimos esfuerzos, se oía pasar por las calles a las familias llorosas en busca de seguridad.-
El amanecer no pudo ser más desconsolador; porque numerosas familias isleñas, al verlo todo perdido, se prepararon para salir de la población en ruinas, la cual, era considerada hasta un día antes de la tragedia, como la más rica de nuestras costas.- La Revista de Yucatán.-
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Ya no quedan entre nosotros isleños mayores, personas capaces de recordar la potente fuerza destructora del ciclón de 1922. Si acaso dos que en ese entonces eran niños, por supuesto; que a su corta edad debieron enfrentar un desastre natural de dimensiones extraordinarias.
Aquel 17 de octubre del año que cito, los isleños sabían que el fuerte norte que desde hacía dos días los azotaba era presagio de algo funesto. “Es común que los nortes soplen fuerte pero no más de dos días. -explicaba a sus 90 años Antonio Peña Osorio- Pueden durar hasta seis, pero con baja intensidad”. La marea alta, y el movimiento de aves y otros animales buscando refugio, advertían también de un inminente fenómeno natural
Acostumbrados a predecir el tiempo, los isleños de 1922 empezaron a prepararse para recibir el posible impacto de un ciclón. Apuntalaron las humildes chozas de maderas y palmas; aunque sabían que los fuertes vientos no dejarían muchas en pie. En realidad, males peores soportaron nuestros abuelos, con las bajas que el paludismo, el cólera y la tosferina les causaban también.
Durante las horas de la tarde el viento fue tomando mayor fuerza. En las casas consideradas más resistentes se habían concentrado poco más de un millar de personas, incluyendo a quienes llegaron de fuera buscando refugio, entre ellos los cubanos que pescaban en las inmediaciones.
Al llegar las sombras, ante las mortecinas luces de velas y quinqués, las señoras rezaban mientras trataban de calmar la inquietud de los niños, pues algunos muy atrevidos se empeñaban en ver que pasaba fuera del hogar. Dicen que a falta de valor la inconsciencia es buena.
“Ya se cayó la casa de Don Manuel Osorio y se ladeó la de Don Domingo Martínez”-comentaban preocupados. Por doquier el vendaval mezclaba ramas con artículos domésticos, o hacía rodar estrepitosamente tambores vacíos, los cuales servían para envasar aceite de tiburón o de tortuga. No era fácil distinguir qué pasaba en la oscuridad que envolvía a la isla; oscuridad que se hacía más densa con los chaparrones de agua que el cielo arrojaba.
Con la medianoche llegaron los momentos de mayor intensidad de los vientos, y escenas desgarradoras se sucedieron. La gente salía de sus humildes casas desplomadas, arrastrando a sus niños y a sus ancianos, buscando otro refugio, clamando por ayuda para los heridos, lanzando gritos de auxilio que se perdían entre los ensordecedores bramidos que lanzaba la tormenta.
Era el ciclón de 1922 en todo su apogeo, con sus 100 millas por hora haciendo añicos el poblado de Isla Mujeres. Su lento movimiento de traslación lo hizo permanecer casi estático sobre la ínsula por más de 14 horas, antes de ingresar a la península para salir por Campeche, e ir a disiparse en las estribaciones de la Sierra Madre Oriental cinco días más tarde.
Fueron 14 largas horas de angustia y desesperación. Quien ha vivido la experiencia de un huracán sabe bien que el tiempo parece detenerse, haciéndose eternas las horas e inescrutable el destino. Cuando amaneció aquel 18 de octubre de 1922, ante los ojos de los isleños se reveló la magnitud del desastre: de las ciento veinte casas que componían el poblado, sólo unas 40 permanecían en pié; y luego de una evaluación, solamente tres fueron consideradas habitables. Eso fue parte del reporte oficial.
Amparado por las sombras también, a unos metros de las playas, el huracán había protagonizado otro drama, el de los ocupantes de los barcos surtos en el puerto.
EL NAUFRAGIO DE LA CANOA DE GUERRA “NIEVES”.
En aquellos lejanos tiempos, el transporte de carga y pasajeros lo realizaba una flotilla de embarcaciones nacionales identificada como Servicios Navales del Territorio Federal de Quintana Roo. Iban esas embarcaciones de Veracruz a Payo Obispo, impulsadas a motor y vela, haciendo escalas en los puertos del Golfo y la costa oriental de la península. Un mes en promedio duraba la travesía, y era el único medio de comunicación entre la isla y los puertos aludidos.
Canoas, Cayucos, Bongos y Lanchas integraban esa flotilla, misma que resultaba insuficiente para el servicio que las poblaciones costeras demandaban. Se viajaba entre costales de copra y marquetas de chicle, entre cueros a medio curtir, esponjas, tortugas y hasta animales domésticos. La “Nieves”, junto con la “Cozumel”, fueron dos de esas embarcaciones que servían de enlace regional. Eran las preferidas en virtud de su larga eslora y su estrecha manga que les permitían desarrollar mayores velocidades al desplazarse. Ambas tuvieron un fin trágico.
Con respecto a la "Nieves” y al ciclón de 1922, citaré que en Mérida, hasta el día 25 de ese mes de octubre se ignoraba la suerte de la embarcación, pues sólo se sabía que había salido de Payo Obispo con mal tiempo. Se le daba por perdida seis días después del impacto del meteoro.
La deficiente comunicación en esos años impidió conocer con oportunidad los sucesos. Fue hasta el día 26, nueve días más tarde, cuando se supo por versiones de dos náufragos, lo ocurrido en Isla Mujeres la noche del día 17, cuando la canoa fue arrastrada por el ciclón hasta estrellarse contra el arrecife, pasando sus ocupantes indescifrables horas de angustia.
Con la luz del día, la otrora elegante silueta del navío se mostró destrozada a un costado del islote “La Carbonera”, y desde una roca cercana, alguien hacía señas pidiendo auxilio. Hubo que esperar unas horas pues la fuerza de los vientos aunque había disminuido aún causaba destrozos, y no era prudente aventurarse en el agitado mar. Sin embargo, con la ayuda de isleños valientes, y con los barcos de los señores Fabián Magaña e Inocente Pastrana, para las cuatro de la tarde los náufragos ya estaban en tierra firme, y recibían del Presidente Municipal y de los profesores, medicinas, alimentos y ropas, pues ninguno pudo rescatar su equipaje, dedicados durante las 16 horas de angustia que pasaron sobre las rocas a defenderse de los embates de las olas para salvar la vida, asidos al riscoso y cortante esquilón que va del Farito a la Carbonera.
La “Nieves” se perdió; y también quedaron ahí, junto a sus astilladas cuadernas los restos del valeroso Patrón de Costa, Don Cristino Pacheco, quien, según testimonio de los pasajeros a La Revista de Yucatán, al ver que su barco encallaba, se lanzó a las turbulentas aguas para ofrendar su vida al mar al grito de ¡Viva México!
LOS ÚLTIMOS DÍAS DE LA “NIEVES”.
El 25 de octubre siguiente, el Corresponsal de La Revista de Yucatán en Progreso entrevistó al Sr. José María Cervera E. y a su hijo, José Cervera Castillo, (náufragos de la “Nieves”), quienes rindieron declaración sobre el fatídico último viaje que emprendió la embarcación, hasta zozobrar en Isla Mujeres. El relato de aquellos sobrevivientes fue el siguiente:
“La noche del 9 al 10 entre 11 y 12 salimos de Payo Obispo para Progreso en la Canoa Nacional “Nieves” q. conducía alrededor de 34 pasajeros. La embarcación salió al parecer con mal tiempo. Después de dos días de viaje, siempre con mal tiempo, entramos a resguardarnos en la bahía de la Ascensión, donde permanecimos dos días. Al amanecer del 13 hicimos rumbo a Cozumel habiendo tenido que internarnos en la Caleta para precavernos del mal tiempo; llegando 12 horas después de nuestra salida. En la Caleta bajamos con las mujeres parte del pasaje, y pasamos por tierra a Cozumel, donde estuvimos desde la noche del sábado hasta la del lunes, en la que nos embarcamos nuevamente. A las 11 de la noche levamos anclas para Isla Mujeres, llegando al día siguiente en la mañana. (Martes 17 de Oct. de 1922) De allá no pudimos salir porque a cada momento arreciaba el temporal. Parte del pasaje bajó a tierra, volviendo algunos por la noche, a cenar en la canoa, donde tuvieron que quedarse porque estaban soplando vientos de tierra. Como a la una de la madrugada, cuando el pasaje en su mayor parte dormía, reventó el ciclón en tierra arrastrando la canoa hasta encallarla en un arrecife que queda frente a Isla Mujeres. (Vientos del nordeste llevaron la “Nieves” hasta la Carbonera.). La embarcación resultó completamente averiada haciendo agua, y con tal motivo, los pasajeros y la marinería, haciendo esfuerzos y luchando contra la obscuridad y las olas, nos lanzamos a alcanzar el arrecife próximo.
Éramos como cuarenta personas, inclusive mujeres y tres niños, uno de teta. Pasamos de 14 a 16 horas sobre el arrecife, sufriendo el frío, el hambre y los dolores de los golpes y rasguños que nos produjo la lucha con las encrespadas olas en la más espantosa obscuridad. Al día siguiente fuimos auxiliados por dos botes, uno de la flotilla y otro particular, y trasladándonos a Cozumel. La canoa “Nieves” quedó encallada frente al arrecife, completamente averiada perdiéndose el equipaje de muchos pasajeros, inclusive el nuestro. Entre los pasajeros de la embarcación náufraga estaba el Teniente Federal Rueda que venía para Tabasco.
Los pasajeros náufragos se embarcaron, unos en el balandro “Fénix” que llegó anteayer a Progreso, y otros en el “Orión” que llegó ayer. También naufragó en la bahía de Isla Mujeres el balandro “Rosita”, que venía cargado de chicle.- El Corresponsal.-
También había naufragado en la Punta Sur el pesquero americano “Ida. S. Brook”. Igual suerte corrieron en Cozumel, El “Alberto”, La “Norma” y la “Candita”.
COLOFÓN.
Así terminó la “Nieves” sus largos años recorriendo nuestros mares. Su motor a gasolina (entonces muy moderno), fue rescatado e instalado a la Canoa de Guerra “Cozumel”, la cual unos años más tarde rendiría también tributo al mar al chocar con otro navío frente a Xcalak.
El testimonio de los náufragos de la “Nieves”, nos ilustra sobre las dificultades que enfrentaban quienes debían viajar en esos tiempos. Nos confirma también que por falta de buenas comunicaciones, tanto para informarse de la presencia del un huracán, como para pedir y recibir auxilio, la vida no valía gran cosa en esa época del Quintana Roo de nuestros abuelos.
Ocho días tardó la trágica noticia en conocerse. Ocho días de incertidumbre. Hace apenas unos años, los pocos isleños mayores, al evocar el ayer, me expresaban que no esperaban en esos casos de emergencia ninguna ayuda de fuera. Cuando llegaban las autoridades del Territorio ya nada había qué hacer. Los heridos habían sanado o fallecido, y las casas de los pescadores se erguían de nuevo, en espera de un nuevo ciclón, tal vez para demostrar a las futuras generaciones que a ellos nunca los dobló la adversidad, y que supieron luchar para heredarnos un lugar digno donde vivir.
Por ello, dedico estas líneas al nuevo grupo social llamado: “Recuerdos de Isla Mujeres”, integrado por paisanos que se niegan a perder su identidad cultural.
Fidel Villanueva Madrid.
Cronista Vitalicio de Isla Mujeres.-
Ixcheel_48@hotmail.com
Abril de 2015.-

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